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Near field communication (NFC) literally means radio communication over short distances, but has come to be used in most cases for a specific set of protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish radio data communication with each other by bringing them closer than, typically, from each other. Early uses of near-field communication (the general concept) in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, alternative technologies such as barcodes and RFID tags being preferred. The later NFC protocols established a generally-supported standard. When one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity the communicating devices can also exchange data with Internet services—the "cloud". NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with apps, for example to read electronic tags or make small payments when connected to any NFC-compliant apparatus. Earlier close-range communication used proprietary infrastructure connecting only devices that support a specified standard, often proprietary to the manufacturer, for applications such as stock ticket, access control, and payment readers. Like other 'proximity card' technologies, NFC employs electromagnetic induction between two loop antennae when NFC devices—for example a 'smartphone' and a 'smart poster'—exchange information, operating within the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface at rates ranging from 106 to 424 kbit/s. Each full NFC device can work in three modes: NFC Card Emulation; NFC Reader/Writer; and NFC peer-to-peer (P2P mode): * NFC Card emulation mode enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing. * NFC Reader/writer mode enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters. * NFC peer-to-peer mode enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an adhoc fashion. NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. They typically contain data ( between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs), contacts). NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications provided by the (NFC Forum ), an association with more than 160 members founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips Semiconductors (which became NXP Semiconductors in 2006) and Sony were charged with promoting the technology and setting key standards, which includes the definition of four distinct types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. The Forum also promotes NFC and certifies device compliance. There can be secure communications by applying encryption algorithm as it is done for Credit Card〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutus/ )〕 and if it fits the criteria for being considered a personal area network. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Technical Specifications )〕 The standards include ISO/IEC 18092〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ISO/IEC 18092:2004 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Near Field Communication -- Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) )〕 and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA has also worked to define a platform for the deployment of within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol, testing and certification, secure element. A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, and was terminated in May 2012. A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc, is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nfc-tools.org/index.php?title=Libnfc )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=libnfc download page (current version) )〕 Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc/ )〕 == History == NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking. * 1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton.〔Charles A. Walton "Portable radio frequency emitting identifier" issue date May 17, 1983.〕 * 1997 Early form of Near Field Communication patented and first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro. Patented by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology (Patent WO9723060), the device allows data communication between two units when brought into close proximity of each other.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1997023060 )〕 * 2002 Sony and Philips agreed on establishing a new technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25, 2002. * 2003 NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, and later as an ECMA standard. * 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum * 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags * 2006 Specification for "SmartPoster" records〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d58874aa69a4e57f7ce2314af283a41b372833e7 )〕 * 2007 Innovision’s NFC tags used in the first Near Field Communication consumer trial in the UK, in the Nokia 6131 handset. * 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc. *2010 Innovision release a suite of designs and patents to enable NFC functionality to be added at low cost to mass-market mobile phones and other devices – launching boom in NFC usage. * 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown * 2010 The city of Nice in Southern France launches the "Nice City of contactless mobile" project, providing inhabitants with new NFC generation mobile phones and bank cards, and a "bouquet of services" for their daily lives covering transportation, tourism and student's services * 2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney Australia as the first specialized NFC marketing company * 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, etc. * 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version. * 2011 Research In Motion devices are the first ones certified by MasterCard Worldwide for their PayPass service * 2012 March. UK restaurant chain EAT. and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign, led by René Batsford, head of ICT for EAT., which also deployed the UK's first nationwide contactless payment solution in 2008. A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC-enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter.〔 ''Note: images from the site did not archive properly.''〕 * 2012 Sony introduces NFC "Smart Tags" to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included with the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.〔(Sony's SmartTags could change phone habits | Crave - CNET ). News.cnet.com (2012-01-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.〕 * 2013 Samsung and VISA announce their partnership to develop mobile payments. * 2013 IBM scientists from Zurich, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches, develop a mobile authentication security technology based on NFC. This technology works on similar principles to dual-factor authentication security.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/13/two_factor_security.html )〕 * 2014 AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile released Softcard (formally ISIS mobile wallet). It runs on NFC-enabled Android phones and iPhone4 and iPhone5 when an external NFC case is attached. The technology was purchased by Google, and the service discontinued on March 31, 2015. * 2014 Apple introduced Apple Pay for NFC-enabled mobile payment on iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, and the Apple Watch, which was released on April 24, 2015. * In November 2015, Swatch and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using the "Swatch Bellamy" wristwatch. The system is currently running in Asia thanks to a partnership with China UnionPay and Bank of Communications. The Visa partnership will bring the technology to the U.S., Brazil and Switzerland.〔John Biggs, TechCrunch. “(Swatch Is Teaming With Visa To Offer Payments From Your Wrist ).” November 30, 2015〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Near field communication」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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